Papier-mache in India

Papier-mache exists since 200 B.C. It originated in China soon after the invention of paper. Papier-mache was used in the making of warrior helmets, boxes, masks, mirrors, etc. Japan and Persia came to know about papier-mache and they started making their unique style of Papier-mache decorative products, which had very minute and detailed paintings.

Papier-mâché, a French term, is believed to have been coined by French workers employed at a papier-mâché shop in London. The large number of imports of Papier mache objects from China led France to manufacture on their own. 

In the 1770s, John Baskerville, a renowned manufacturer of fine books and typefaces, began imitating the Japanese method of making papier-mâché products, calling it ‘Japanning.’ His assistant, Henry Clay, took this craft to the next level by inventing a highly durable form of papier-mâché, as strong as wood. Using this material, Clay crafted large furniture pieces such as firescreens, tables, chairs, beds, and wardrobes. These pieces were elaborately adorned with mother-of-pearl and gold finishes, typically set against black or red backgrounds. Clay eventually patented his innovative papier-mâché products, marking a significant milestone in the craft's history.

While many large papier-mâché structures have been created over the years, a notable example is the Bielefeld Papier-mâché Church in Norway. Although this remarkable structure stood for 37 years, it was ultimately demolished, leaving behind a fascinating legacy of this versatile material.

3 centuries before it reached to Europe, like many other crafts (carpet making, shawl making, naqqashi, etc) papier-mache was introduced by a large group of artisans, who came along with the Sufi poet Mir Saiyyed Ali Hamadani from Persia (Iran) to the Kashmiri artisans in the 15th century. They were brought by the 8th sultan of Kashmir, Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin.

In now India, Papier-mâché is more than just a craft; it is a vibrant expression of India’s rich cultural heritage. Each state in India has its unique approach to this art form, reflecting the local traditions, resources, and artistic sensibilities. From the intricate designs of Kashmir to the colorful creations of Maharashtra, papier-mâché showcases the diversity and creativity that thrives across the country.

In Kashmir, artisans have perfected the art of creating delicate and intricate papier-mâché items, often adorned with beautiful floral patterns and vibrant colors. This craft has been passed down through generations, with each artisan adding their personal touch to the pieces they create. The use of natural dyes, gold leaf, and sustainable materials is a hallmark of Kashmiri papier-mâché, making it not only beautiful but also environmentally friendly.

Moving south to Maharashtra, the papier-mâché craft takes on a different form. Here, artisans create colorful masks and decorative items that are often used in local festivals and celebrations. The lively colors and bold designs reflect the joyous spirit of the region, making each piece a celebration of life and culture. The craftsmanship involved in creating these items is a testament to the skill and dedication of the artisans.

In the eastern states, particularly in West Bengal, papier-mâché is often used to create intricate idols for festivals. The craftsmanship involved in making these idols is not only a display of artistic talent but also a deep-rooted tradition that connects the community to their cultural practices. The process of creating these idols is a labor of love, with artisans spending hours perfecting every detail.

Across India, the materials used in papier-mâché vary except for the paper pulp, with artisans utilizing locally available resources. This not only supports sustainable practices but also ensures that each piece is unique to its region. The adaptability of papier-mâché as a craft allows artisans to experiment with different techniques and styles, resulting in a diverse array of products that appeal to a wide audience.

As you explore the world of papier-mâché, you’ll discover that it is not just about the final product; it is about the stories, traditions, and communities behind each piece. Supporting this craft means supporting the artisans and their heritage, ensuring that these cherished traditions continue to thrive for generations to come.

Whether you are drawn to the intricate designs of Kashmir or the vibrant creations of Maharashtra, Bihar, Rajasthan, or Telangana each piece of papier-mâché art carries with it a piece of India’s cultural tapestry. Embrace this beautiful craft and celebrate the artistry that makes it so special